Chapter 13

Section 1.

1. Three major reasons for economic change in Europe are genetically modified foods, The Maastriccht Treaty, and because more countries are shifting towards a service industry

2. Since the fall of Communism, farming has improved because farmers have more incentive to work harder, the two television networks linked to form INTELSATs, and the European Union was formed.

Creative Writing: While transportation systems are important for service industries, it is much more valuable and worth-while to first develop communications, because without proper communication between industries, tasks cannot be completed and transportation cannot be improved with their lack of money.

Section 2.

1. Because some farming industries overgraze their livestock, remove too much vegetation, etc. soil erosion begins to occur. Industries that have business in building cities cut down forests in order to make them. Due to industries that produce carbon emissions, global warming causes flooding in cities.

2. In order to protect Europe's environment by legally attacking industries who create too much pollution, replacing carbon fuels with natural gases, and organized clean ups in rivers, lakes, etc.

Creative Writing: The anti-pollution laws and acts put in place by members of the EU certainly help the environment of Europe in the present and in the future. Without these laws, major industrial companies would continue to use fossil fuels and put Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere to aid climate change.

Chapter 12

Section 1

1. In the last hundred years, the populations of islands have increased greatly due to immigration, mostly from South Asia and the West Indies. After World War II, refugees settled in the UK for the most part.

2. For the most part, the most inward part of the land in Northern Europe push people towards the coast, as it usually has a harsher land and climate and the coast has more fertile land.

Creative Writing: The poor in countries with welfare have an obvious benefit of getting money for doing almost nothing, which, although may be an advantage for the people, is a disadvantage for the country as a whole, for they are losing money for citizens who will do almost nothing for it. Workers in countries without welfare may also have a stronger drive to do a good job and do it right, because if they are injured or are fired early in their life, they would not have access to the same amount of money that they would have.

Section 2

1. Religion has helped shape the history of Western Europe through World War II and the Crusades, and the Holy Roman Empire has helped shape both history and government.

2. World War II helped shape the population patterns of Western Europe by moving Jewish refugees out of Germany and into Allied countries, like the UK and France.

Creative Writing: In the next twenty-five years, due to the aging of Western Europe overall population, businesses that require able-bodied men may have problems finding employees. The armies of the countries may also find it more difficult to find new recriutes. Other risky proffesions may come to find less willing people to do those jobs.

Section 3

1. Some of the effects on population patterns and cultures of Southern Europe now that immigration is outpacing emigration includes the obvious result of having a lower population in Southern Europe, but most likely the same amount of cultural activity dispite the amount of people in the region.

2. Cultural elements shared by most of the region of Southern Europe include Latin-based languages, being a Roman Catholic, and being involved in soccer and bull fighting.

Creative Writing: The culture of Ancient Rome still influences the region of Southern Europe with the work of some of the greatest architects and artist of their time. Many of the most known buildings in Southern Europe are influenced by the architectual elements of Ancient Rome, like their columns, arches and domes.

Chapter 11

Section 1

1. Landforms formed by glaciation include rounded mountains in the northwestern mountain ranges. The Northern European Plain is an example of a landform that is changed by wind for loess that comes from glaciers fertilizes it. In the Mediterranean Sea, tectonic activity help form large islands like Sicily.

2. Rivers vital to Europe's economy include the Thames, which allows oceangoing ships to reach London's ports, the Rhine, which connects several industrial cities, and the Danube, which flows through Germany , Hungary, Romania, and the Black Sea.

Creative Writing: The countries on the Rhine River, especially those that are down stream, will have political both political and economical issues with what the water is used with in the countries it passes. If the water reaches them and is polluted by dirty water mills, their drinking water and their fish would be contaminated.

Section 2

1. Western and southern parts of Europe that lie along large bodies of water recieve the warm maritime winds of the North Atlantic Current. Just like all the other areas of the world, latitude, landforms, and altitude also determine the climate of the regions in Europe.

2. Winds, like the North Atlantic Current, affect the climate of Europe by warming its coast and its water. The prevailing winds also bring warm, moist air to western Europe.

Creative Writing: Possible reasons for these temperatures to differ so greatly are very numerous. Ireland, being a small country on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, will get a great effect from coastal winds even if the area is as inland as possible. Meanwhile, Minnesota is very inland in America, which is quite large in comparison to Ireland. Thusly, it would not get as much effect from the winds. The altitudes of these locations could also by different, causing one to have a naturally high or low temperature.

Chapter 10, Section 2

1. The development in Latin American countries has caused people to destroy large areas of forests at a time.

2. Due to the massive growth in Latin America's urban population, poor people of some areas must move out into shantytowns, where they are susceptible to the effects of air pollution, widespread disease due to unsanitary communities, and natural disasters such as mud slides and floods.

Creative Writing: Countries in Latin America are dealing with several major problems currently, two of which are overpopulation and border disputes. Most major cities have shantytowns and slums surrounding them, filled with disease and pollution, which can affect the regions around them and the whole world. During border disputes, several billions of dollars are used to aid both sides of the arguement to keep them from going to war and these wars can use major resources that otherwise could have been used to better both sides of the war and the whole world.

Chapter 10, Section 1

1. The basis of the economies of most of the countries in Latin America is agriculture.

2. Latin America was put into an economically dependent status because they needed to finance industrial developments in the 1960s and the 1970s, and thus borrowed funds from foreign banks. Unfortunately for the Latin American countries, when an economic slowdown occurs, they need to decrease monthly payments, which raises the total amount of interest on their debts.

Creative Writing: A major advantage has been given to the country of Mexico because of the NAFTA, which is the amount of trade, especially in the service industry. With NAFTA, trade between the three countries grew by ten to fifteen percent annually, which benefited Mexico greatly. However, because the workers in Mexico are willing to work for such a minuscule amount of money, and in businesses that harm their environment, Mexico has not seen much economic or environmental improvement

Chapter 9, Section 3

1. The biggest problem that this area has with the urbanization of its population is the sharp clashing of the rich and poor districts of the cities. This causes megacities to have problems with housing, employment, maintaining infrastructure, crime, and traffic.

2. The two most determining factors of the healthcare of a region are the economy and standards of living.

Creative Writing: If I had a choice between living in a rural area in South America and living in a city, I would choose the city. In a city, the lifestyle would be much more industrialized, leaving with more job offers for my family as long as we do not live in an overpopulated region. In that region, healthcare is also more likely to be an improvement as their would most likely be a higher population and thus a higher demand for good healthcare, which I suppose could also mean a decline in service because people of medical profession could be busy with other people.

Chapter 9, Section 2

1. In Central America, the majority of the population practices Roman Catholicism.

2. The major ethnic groups that make up this region include those of the indigenous people, Europeans, mestizos, blacks, asians, and mixes between those.

Creative Writing: During his travel to Panama, Vasco de Balboa found that there was but a small peice of land that stood between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This later became important because in 1914 the United States had completed the Panama Canal. This path became a very important trade route to ships making trips that would otherwise make them go around either side of the Americas, which was both dangerous and expensive.

Chapter 9, Section 1

1. Latin America's Native Americans empires have left cities, terraces, courts, temples, and accurate calenders. The Mayans also left their temples and cities for Latin Americans to explore and investigate.

2. European rule has caused Mexico to political revolts, uprising, etc. for hundreds of years due to Mexico no longer being controlled by natives, then being controlled by wealthy landowners, and finally a president.

Creative Writing: Mexico has many sports that were originally created and practiced in several different nations that Mexico has come to adopt. Mexico's main sport, bullfighting, is derived from its native culture, not foreign nations like other sports. Soccer, another major sport, was created by the English and baseball, which traces of can be found from France all the way back to 1344 AD.

Chapter 8, Section 2

1. The climate regions represented in Latin America are tropical wet, tropical dry, humid subtropical, steppe, desert, mediterranean, marine west coast, and highland.

2. Areas in Latin America may get changes in climate in specific climate regions because of sudden incline, causing the area to get colder and drier. Also, along the windward side of the continent, new breezes may come in to warm and cool the area while on the leeward side, the area may get drier and hotter.

Creative Writing: On September 17th, my family and I went on I hiking trip up one of the shorter mountains on the Andes. At about noon we drove to an area right in the middle of the tierra fria, around nine thousand feet above sea level, where we could only see evergreen trees every three hundred meters or so, but dense shrub and small plants everywhere. For the next few hours, it was quite cold and dry. After about a mile, we had clearly passed the tree line and there was only grass to be seen, but the cold and dryness of the area could always be felt. By about six o'clock, we had crossed the puna and the snow line and it had gotten to cold for my family, or the vegetation to go further, so we turned back, keeping a quick pace down the mountain, and got back to the car around ten-thirty.

Chapter 8, Section 1

1. Geographers often divide Latin America into three sub-regions: Middle America, the Caribbean, and South America.

2. Latin America is an economically important region because they are among the leading producers of energy resources like oil and natural gas. They also have large amounts of gold and silver, the world's finest emeralds and several other precious and nonprecious resources.

Creative Writing: The people of Latin America have many uses for the water systems in their countries. For the larger rivers, the people can use the waterways as commercial routes. Rivers can also be used to generate hydroelectric power for that region. Human-made waterways, such as the Panama Canal can be used to cut time out of travels from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean.

Chapter 7, Section 2

1. The United States and Canada could manage their natural resources better by making strict seasons where fishing and hunting is illegal so that the are not under- or over-populated and put harsh legal punishments on poachers. They could find which kinds of trees could supply the best wood and which could grow the fastest and try to farm those, and they could make more natural reserves for trees and animals.

2. Causes of pollution in a region may be caused by lack of plants that can take in carbon dioxide to regulate the amount of fossil fuels that humans are burning and the carbon dioxide regularly exhaled by animals. They could also be chemical waste seeping into water supplies and into soil. These polution factors could result in global climate change, having less trees, thus less animals, and then less people.

Creative Writing: Due to the permafrost melting near the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, evergreens and other plants could grow around the pipe and start to breach its barrier which may cause the plants to eventually start sucking the moisture out the tube, causing the oil to be altered in one way or another, possibly making the oil unusable. Even if jobs were created to try to cut down the plants growing into the pipline, severe damage would have already come to the pipeline and hundreds of gallons of oil would be wasted.

Chapter 7, Section 1

1. Due to the development in postindustrial economies in the United States and Canada, people tend to live comfortably next to their workplaces and in a close proximity to some sort of recreational facility because these business are typically placed next to suburbs and recreational facilities.

2. The United States and Canada are interdependent upon each other because we use our trade to help balance out the money we lose from our massive amounts of outsourcing and imports and Canada uses this system to take in our wheat, corn, minerals and other products.

Creative Writing: The United States and Canada both have have market economies, postindustrial economies, and global economies. In a market economy, people are allowed to operate and own their own businesses, which helps postindustrial economies to take place because the owners can focus more on the quality of their service. The most efficient way to improve the quality of their service of course is to make it more high-tech, which leads to a postindustrial economy. And once businesses are able to make high quality goods quickly, they can ship them to other countries, helping form a global economy like the United States and Canada have joined.

Chapter 6, Section 2

1. Two economic factors that encouraged growth in Canada's western population were the Klondike Gold Rush and the fertile soil in the Prairie Provinces.

2. Canada's religious practices reflect the nation's diverse immigrant population. Its languages now tell us how there was a struggle between British and French settlers and their decedents.

Creative Writing: If America had remained part of the British Empire, trade with Canada would have suffered as things like the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement and the North American Free Trade Agreement would no longer exist, which would make trade with Canada less desirable and thus, American culture would be less shown in Canada. Great Britain also might have been less interested in Canada and the money that it could bring in because of the money that America would be bringing in with its gold and silver rushes and things of that nature, which would have made an impact in Canada's development.

Chapter 6, Section 1

1. When America was first becoming a nation, the population was distributed in a way that people would stay where they could make a living. This way, they would stay near fertile land, areas where fish were abundant, places where they could easily take timber, and other areas that could supply them with plentiful goods they could sell. As technology was increased and made superior, and the industrial revolution was in play, people were able to move out into areas with little water, like the Great Plains and farm cash crops by using the technique known as dry farming.

2. Four cultural elements influenced by immigrant roots that are still practiced today in America are language, religion, arts, and education.

Creative Writing: The Irishman, Peter Mckinly, immigrated to America in 1845 at the age of 20. Because he had arrived in the ages of the Industrial Revolution, he quickly found work building a railroad in northern America. He worked hard on this job; for seventeen years he plowed stakes into the ground with three swings of his hammer. One day, he read in a newspaper about the tragedies of the Civil War and decided to serve in the American Army. During his service in the army, he worked as an artillery man and was very good at it, being able to kill at least one man with each naturally inaccurate shot from his weapon. Miraculously, Peter survived in the war until the surrender at Appomattox Court House, where he was shot in the leg and nearly died of gangrene. After his service, he spent the rest of his life on a farm with his wife and kids in an area in the Great Plains until he was shot in the heart by a rouge Native American at the age of 70 in 1915.

Chapter 5, Section 2

1. Throughout the United States and Canada, climates that could be found include subtropical, tropical, desert, Mediterranean, humid subtropical, marine west coast, humid continental, steppe, subartic, tundra, and ice cap.

2. Three weather-related hazards found in the United States and Canada are blizzards, supercells, and hurricanes.

Creative Writing: Two cities at the same latitude may have highly different climates because of their exact position, its vegetation, and the amount of water in the area. For instance, Pheonix, Arizona has around the same latitude of Charleston, South Carolina, but because it is on the leeward side of the Rockies, the Sierra Nevadas, and several other landforms, it recieves little moisture whereas Charleston is windward and is drenched in vapor from the Atlantic Ocean. Because Arizona is leeward, its vegetation recieves little water and gives off little while Charleston has many many plants that swell with moisture and keep the air very humid.

Chapter 5, Section 1



1. Rivers like the Mississippi in America help with trade processes as boats can be used to transport goods up and down the river. Coastal waters can be used for aquaculture and fisheries. Areas around America and Canada are rich with petroleum, minerals, and fossils fuels that could allow those regions to create several different products like gasoline and numerous metal compounds. Timber can also be found in several areas around these areas which could be used to build various structures.



2. Large rivers and the coastal regions of America and Canada play an important role in both countries. Rivers can be used for transporting goods, fishing, and can be used for easy, cheap, and clean water. Coastal regions of these countries can be used for aquaculture and for ports. All throughout America and Canada, there are many natural minerals, renewable resources and a large amount of fossil fuels that could make a very large profit.

Creative Writing: If I were on an airplane going from Virginia to Washington, the first major geographical feature I would see would be the eroded Appalachian Mountains stretching across to both sides of the horizon. Shortly afterward, I would being noticing some of the tributaries of the Mississippi River constantly joining together and picking up speed as they slowly become one river. From then until the Rocky Mountains, I would see almost nothing except the flatlands of the Great Plains and the Central Lowlands and the animals that inhabit it. Then I would see the seemingly endless landforms of the Rockies, along with (if I was taking a path near California) the Sierra Nevadas, the Great Basin, the Columbian Plateau, and finally the Cascade Range, where I would soon be able to see Seattle.

Chapter 4, Section 4

1. A major factor in determining a country's economic development and trade relationships is knowing what natural resource is abundant in that area.

2. Because of the amount of environment harming substances that are helpful to humans is so high, the Earth is constantly being attacked. With oil tankers and offshore drilling rigs causing oil spills, industries dumping chemical waste, pesticides entering the underground water, and radioactive waste leaking into the soil, our soil and water supplies are constantly being tainted. Air pollution is also a problem due to fossil fuels being continuously burned and acidic chemicals entering the atmosphere.

Creative Writing: My answer on whether undeveloped countries could use fossil fuels would really depend on the resource that replaced fossil fuels. First off, if the resource that replaces fossil fuels is something like corn, then I would agree and say that undeveloped country could use fossil fuels because we, as developed countries, would already be using so much corn as food, not to mention fuel, that in might be more environmentally and economically responsible to just allow them to use fossil fuels. It would also depend on how developed and large the country is already. Using corn as an example again, if the country was small and in the middle of becoming fully developed, then it would be smart to make them use corn, as they would not consume as much with their humans or with their machines.

Chapter 4, Section 3

1. Autocracy is a form of national government in which a single person has all the power and authority, which is usually given to them by inheritance or ruthless use of police or military power. An oligarchy is a system of government in which a small group holds power which is common in communist countries. In a democracy, leaders rule the country with the consent of the citizens of that nation.

2.Two major economic systems in the world today are the traditional economy and the market economy.

Creative Writing: Because I live in a democratic society, my life is not completely controlled as it would be in communist societies, who would decide for me who should rule the country, what my yearly salary should be, etc. With this democratic society, it is also much harder for corruption to occur in the political officials because there are so many as opposed to oligarchies. However, in this society, political decisions are made slower and are often driven from their actual point because they are checked by too many people with different people with different opinions. People who serve in a market economy have the advantage of producing and selling whatever they want with almost no interference from the government, and thus can set prices to what they want to and make a more profitable business. They also have the ability to over- or under-charge products and either destroy other businesses or their businesses, making a poor national economy.

Chapter 4, Section 1

1. The factors that define a culture are its language, religion, daily life, history, art, government, and economy.

2. Migration and the information revolution affected interactions between cultures in recent years. Migration because it allowed cultural diffusion to give way in large amounts and the information revolution because it allowed people to connect in a several new ways.

Creative Writing: If I lived in a world that had not gone through the information revolution, I would wake up with the sound of a normal clock ringing and would have gotten out of bed. I would then eaten some regular bread with some jam, packed a lunch, gotten in the shower, and gotten ready for school as cosmetically, not wearing contacts because computers would not have been able to find the curvature of my eyes. I would have then gone to Edison where I would be taught by teachers that used untechnologically advanced equipment, such as chalk boards and physical files that were not on a computer to input grades and do other tasks like that. I would go home on my bike, get ready to run, and go back to school for cross country where I would run across streets whose traffic was directed by someone who needed community service or a police officer. I would get back home from the practice afterward and do some homework that I would get out my binders only because I could not print them out, then eat dinner, then do more homework, and finally get ready for bed and fall asleep around nine o'clock.

Chapter 3, Section 3

1.
Geographers classify the climate regions of the world based on their characteristic soils and natural vegetation.
2.
Reoccuring phenomona can stop, change or reverse the patterns of the prevailing winds and currents, causing a warm up or cool down or a certain area .
Creative Writing:
Where I live, our soil is quite fertile, supporting a large variety of crops. We will rarely recieve rain, and when we do, it is in small quantities. Because of the amount of vegetation we have, we also can support several different kinds of wildlife in abundance, such as bears, several birds, and a large amount of ocean and desert life.

Chapter 3, Section 2

1.
Lower latitudes will generally have a lot of direct rays from the sun year-round and warm and hot climates while higher ones will have indirect but continuous sunlight year-round or have near continuous light almost all year. In midlatitudes, areas will rarely see a drastic change in temperature, except when they change seasons. Generally, the higher the elevation of an area, the less heat.
2.
The winds from the poles blow towards the equator and the tropic winds blow towards the poles do to the temperature differences on the Earth's surface, thus giving parts the Earth warm wind at one point in the year, and cool wind at another point. As ocean currents circulate, cold water from the poles cool land when they pass just as warm water warms the land. Landforms may influence the climate with the rain shadow effect meaning that the windward side of a mountatin range recieves most of the ocean from the ocean while the leeward side becomes hot and dry.
Creative Writing:
If the North Atlantic Current weakened or shut down permenately, Western European climate would drastically change. The coast of this land mass would lose a great deal of heat, on both the windward and leeward side of mountain ranges. And because of this cool down, the wind would carry even less heat to other regions of Europe as well.

Chapter 3, Section 1

1.
Earth's postition in relation to the sun affects the temperatures on Earth because the sun is the Earth's source of heat, thus the closer one area is to the sun, the hotter it will become, and the further away it is, the cooler it will be.
2.
Global warming will make bodies of water evaporate more rapidly, generating mare rainfall and increasing humidity. The Earth's soil, therefore, will dry out more quikly between rains and because of this, the atmosphere will have less oxygen coming in from plants, and will also have the gradual increase of carbon dioxide coming from the burning of the fossil fuels.
Creative Writing:
I agree and disagree with the thought that global warming is natural and there is nothing we can do to stop it. With the population increasing at an alarming rate, people will naturally take in more oxygen and produce carbon dioxide while eating more plants that will absorb this. So, in this sence, global warming could be natural, however, I do not agree that there is nothing we could do to stop it. We could drive more fuel efficient cars, or less cars, find cleaner energy sources, and do other things to burn less fossil fuels.

Chapter 2, Section 2

1.Plates under the surface of the Earth have moved the land masses from a supercontinent known as Pangea. These same plates also formed oceans, mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and produce earthquakes. Layers under the surface of the world like these plates are slowly creating land masses and spreading them apart and pushing them together.

2.Internal forces of change differ from the results of external forces of change because one may have a much greater affect in a particular way. For instance, internal forces may be able to move countries and oceans around, cause eruptions, and cause earthquakes. Meanwhile, external forces would be able to wear certain surfaces away through wind, glacial, and water erosion and through weathering.

Creative Writing: Because of the internal forces of change, North America has changed much from what it was 225 million years ago. If not for these forces, North America would still be bordering Eurasia, South America, and Africa, meaning that we would probably be sharing some of the same physical characterics that they do today. Also, the islands of Hawaii would never have been created, along with any of the volcanoes we have today and any changes made by earthquakes would not have happened.

Chapter 2, Section 1

1. The hydrosphere are the oceans, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water that make up 70% of the Earth's surface. The lithosphere makes up about another 30% of our planet, which includes the continents, islands, and the ocean basins of Earth. The atmosphere is a layer of gases extending above the Earth's surface and is composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. The part of the planet that supports life is the biosphere, which naturally takes place in the atmosphere and around the area of the lithosphere.

2.The Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Guam, is at the greatest distance from sea level.

Creative Writing:
When objects from space land on the Earth, they can devastating effects on the areas of the world. On impact of the lithosphere, large meteorites can destroy hundreds of miles of land and any creatures of the biosphere in its path, making it so those creatures could never have offspring, so in the long run, millions of creatures could have been born if not for those deaths. The same effects could be seen if it landed in the hydrosphere as well, as the shock waves could have killed several marine animals.

Chapter 1, Section 2

1.
Two major branches of geography are physical geography and human geography. Physical geography covers the Earth's physical features such as climate, land, water, plants, animal life in terms of their relationships to one another and to humans, and animal and plant ecosystems. Human geography studies human activities and their relationship to the cultural and physical environments as well as political, economic, social, and cultural factors of humanity
2.
Geography can be used by businesses to determine whether or not a site is suitable for human habitation or has resources worth developing. It can also be used by planners to decide to build new schools or highways in a particular place by checking population growth and migration.
Creative Writing:
The site of Huntington Beach is its location at the bottom of the San Pedro Bay. Its situation is as a farming land and a tourist attraction. This city is a perceptual region for most of its citizens are republicans. Huntington Beach has changed a great deal due to the people who have moved into it. Before the cities in California became cities, the were filled with gold and oil, but as the number of settlers increased, the amount of these products dwindled. More recently, the amount of migration towards this city has not greatly altered our cultures somewhat laid back and eco-friendly culture, besides making it more "green" with things like separated trashcans that were supplied to the public to support recycling.

Chapter 1, Section 1

1.
Two concerns that cartographers have when they select a map are finding a location to map and deciding how much detail they want in it. This is because on some standard versions of maps, some areas are more distorted than others, for instance the Mercator projection is more distorted towards the poles than most others, so that would not be the logical projection to use when mapping places like southern Argentenia. Knowing how much detail the cartographer wants in it is just as important because this will affect how large the projection will need to be as well as how much he will need to space between certain areas to show things like names of lakes clearly.
2.
On a typical urban area map, two physical features might be plains or woodland areas. Human-man features may include buildings and streets. And if the projection shows the edges of cities, borders and city names could also be found on an urban area map.
Creative Writing:
If I were to be a city planner looking for areas to put elementary schools, I would want to put several forms of data into my GIS. I would start by finding out how much children would be eligible to go to elementary schools in all areas that might be used the site to find out how many students that school could plan on receiving and to find areas that would be easily to accessible to most of those possible students. Next, I would attempt to find the amount of adults with teaching credentials to see how many adults would be able to teach in that area. I would also want to check the area for negative influences, such as possible gang or other criminal activity to assure that the students attending the school would not would not be influenced by that kind of life style.

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